Focus Area
Structural, Systemic, and Institutional Violence
Violence is not only interpersonal. It is often embedded within social, economic, and political systems. Structural, systemic, and institutional violence, including racism, classism, and gender inequities, perpetuates disparities in health, safety, and opportunity. Research in this area examines how these systems operate and interact to sustain harm, while identifying strategies to dismantle inequities. Faculty and projects focus on policy reform, community advocacy, and systemic interventions to promote justice, equity, and societal well-being.
Researchers

Caryn N. Bell, PhD
Assistant Professor, The Celia Scott Weatherhead School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine
Specialty Areas: Socioeconomic Status, Racial Disparities

Andrea S. Boyles, PhD
Associate Professor, School of Liberal Arts
Specialty Areas: Police-Citizen Relations, Neighborhood Disadvantage & Disorder, Community Development & Engagement, Resilience & Collective Action

Fred Buttell, PhD, LCSW-BACS
Professor, School of Social Work
Specialty Areas: LGBTQ, Batterer Intervention Program Evaluation

Margaret Mary Downey, PhD, MSW
Assistant Professor, School of Social Work
Specialty Areas: Social & Structural Determinants, Health Equity

Julia Fleckman, PhD
Adjunct Professor
Specialty Areas: Structural and Social Determinants of Firearm Violence, Evaluation of Firearm Violence Prevention Strategies, Community-Partnered Research, Evaluation of IPV and Gender-based Violence Interventions, Restorative Approaches

Samantha Francois, PhD
Adjunct Professor
Specialty Areas: Adolescent Development, Structural Violence, Anti-racist Research

Sally J. Kenney, PhD
Professor & Newcomb College Endowed Chair and Director, Newcomb Institute 2010-2022
Specialty Areas: The Politics Of Gender-Based Violence, Exclusionary Policies

Marva L. Lewis, PhD
Associate Professor, School of Social Work
Specialty Areas: Racism-Based Stress And Birth Outcomes, Community-Based Parenting

Saru Matambanadzo, JD, PhD
Moise S. Steeg Jr. Associate Professor of Law, School of Law
Specialty Areas: Workplace Equity, Feminist Legal Theory

Manuel (Manny) Ocasio, PhD
Co-Director, Violence Prevention Institute Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
Specialty Areas: Community Engagement, Interventions, Health Equity, Social Media Approaches

Catherine O'Connor, PhD, LMSW
Associate Professor, School of Social Work
Specialty Areas: Indigenous Women And Children, Resilience, Health Disparities

Stephen Ostertag, PhD
Associate Professor, Sociology, School of Liberal Arts
Specialty Areas: Media, Crime And Incarceration, Racism And Systemic Oppression

Reginald Parquet, PhD, LCSW-BACS
Associate Dean for Faculty, Staff and Student Engagement and Opportunity, Clinical Associate Professor
Specialty Areas: Juvenile Legal System, Motivational Interviewing, Strengths building, Historical Oppression & Marginalization, Community Mental Health, Trauma

Patrick Rafail, PhD
Associate Professor, Sociology, School of Liberal Arts
Specialty Areas: Social Movements And Collective Behavior, Applied Statistics, Political Sociology, Social Control, Complex Organizations, Urban Policing

Anita Raj, PhD
Executive Director of the Newcomb Institute & Nancy Reeves Dreux Endowed Chair in The Celia Scott Weatherhead School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
Specialty Areas: Epidemiologic and qualitative assessment of gendered, social, and cultural vulnerabilities compromising reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child, and adolescent health across national settings

Chelsea Singleton, PhD, MPH
Assistant Professor, The Celia Scott Weatherhead School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine
Specialty Areas: Epidemiology, Nutritional Inequities, Racism and Structural Violence

Anneliese Singh, PhD
Associate Provost for Faculty Development and Chief Officer for Academic Excellence & Opportunity, Professor, School of SocialWork
Specialty Areas: Multicultural Counseling, Racial Justice, Resilience

Katherine (Kat) Theall
Co-Director, Violence Prevention Institute Cecile Usdin Professorship in Women’s Health
Specialty Areas: Health Equity, Built & Social Environment, Maternal Health, Social Epidemiology
Projects
Center for Youth Equity
Enrichment 2 Empowerment
Supportive Hospital-based Intervention for Firearm Trauma
Community-Based Violence Intervention & Prevention Initiative
Healthy Neighborhoods
LaVEX
Publications
O’Connor, C. E., & Theall, K. P. (2025). Cultural approaches to promote Indigenous mental health: weaving healthy families. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2025.2510218
Singh, A., & Awachie, T. (2025). Black, indigenous, and people of color trans and nonbinary liberation: A transcestral journey of critical consciousness, reckoning, and healing. American Psychologist, 80(4), 618–629. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0001388
Singh, A., Estevz, R., Parker, B., Finan, R., & Awachie, T. (2025). Engaging antiracist qualitative research with Black, Indigenous, people of color (BIPOC) trans and nonbinary communities: Using critical, decolonial, and liberation approaches. Qualitative Psychology, 12(2), 142–161. https://doi.org/10.1037/qup0000326
Singleton, C., Uy, W., & Landry, M. (2021). Strengthening cross-sector collaborations in hunger-relief efforts to address structural racism. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 53(1), 93–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2020.12.008
Tian, L., Jaeger, B. C., Marshall, A. N., Dorans, K. S., Bell, C. N., Theall, K. P., Chen, J., He, J., & Bundy, J. D. (2025). Comparison of Associations of Food Security Instruments and Mediators With Premature All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Death in US Adults. Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes, 18(2), e011209. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.124.011209
Toporek, M., Figley, C. R., Saltzman, L., & Hansel, T. (2025). The empathic response of relational therapists treating trauma: A dialectical experience. Traumatology. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000550
Craig, L. S., Sarpong, D. F., Peacock, E. M., Roberts, S., Theall, K. P., Williams, L., Al-Dahir, S., Davis, T. C., Arnold, C. L., Williams, A., Fields, T., Wilson, M., & Krousel-Wood, M. (2024). Using Community Feedback to Inform Strategies for Inclusive Participation in Research: Lessons Learned From the Louisiana Community Engagement Alliance (LA-CEAL). American journal of public health, 114(S1), S29–S32. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307457
Fleckman, J. M., Ford, J., Eisenberg, S., Taylor, C. A., Kondo, M., Morrison, C. N., Branas, C. C., Drury, S. S., & Theall, K. P. (2024). From neighborhood to household: connections between neighborhood vacant and abandoned property and family violence. Research square, rs.3.rs-4022003. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4022003/v1
Haley, C. O., Singleton, C. R., King, L. E., Dyer, L., Theall, K. P., & Wallace, M. (2024). Association of Food Desert Residency and Preterm Birth in the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Online), 21(4), 412–412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21040412
Jones, N. L., Epstein, A., Bair‐Merritt, M., Drury, S., Farrington, L., Fernández, A., Fleckman, J. M., Francois, S., Gilbert, H., Howard, C., Morris, A., Joanna Elkes Pierce, Rankin, M., Reeves, K., Steenhoff, A. P., James‐Vance, D., & Scott, D. Y. (2024). A case study in leveraging strategic partnerships through trust‐based philanthropy. Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.1835
Kaapu, K., McKinley, C., & Johnson-Jennings, M. (2024). INDIGENOUS RESILIENCY AGAINST THE SOCIAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND MENTAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC. Innovation in Aging, 8(Supplement_1), 559–559. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igae098.1828
Liddell, J., McKinley, C., & Stiffarm, A. (2024). “‘Keep the Fire Burning’: Applications and Culturally Congruent Research Strategies for Research on Sexual and Reproductive Health With Indigenous Women.” Journal of Participatory Research Methods, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.35844/001c.94023
López, M. Á., Fuster, M., Fleckman, J., George, A., & Chaparro, M. P. (2024). Time-Trends in Food Insecurity Among US-Born and Foreign-Born Hispanic Adults by Language Use: An Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data, 1999-2018. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 124(5), 583–593.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2023.11.019
McKinley, C. E. (2024). “Prayer is universal”: How integrative faith practices enable Indigenous peoples’ persistence and resistance to transcend historical oppression. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 16(1), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000592
McKinley, C. E. (2024). “We have to … work for wholeness no matter what”: Family and culture promoting wellness, resilience, and transcendence. Transcultural Psychiatry, 61(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615241227690
Rafail, P., O’Connell, W. E., & Sager, E. (2024). Polarizing Feedback Loops on Twitter: Congressional Tweets during the 2022 Midterm Elections. Socius, 10. https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231241228924
Singh, A., Parker, B., & Bivens, B. (2024). Living our equity, diversity, inclusion, and antiracism values in the academy: Engaging in social change across generations. In Transforming careers in mental health for BIPOC (1st ed., p. 10). Routledge.
Williams, L., Craig, L. S., Peacock, E., Fields, T., Al-Dahir, S., Hawkins, F., Gillard, C., Singleton, B., Theall, K., Wilson, M., D’Amour, G., Vu, M., Sylvain, C., Franklin, L., Caldwell, K., Krousel-Wood, M., & Sarpong, D. (2024). Exploring the Roles of Trust, Attitudes, and Motivations in COVID-19 Decision-Making and Vaccination Likelihood: Insights from the Louisiana Community Engagement Alliance (LA-CEAL) Community-Academic-Public Health-Practice (CAPP) Partnership. International journal of environmental research and public health, 22(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22010048
Wu, K., Doe, E., Roude, G. D., Wallace, J., Francois, S., Richardson, L., & Theall, K. P. (2024). Social capital and changes of psychologic distress during early stage of COVID-19 in New orleans. Scientific reports, 14(1), 5773. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56249-1
Ali, D. A., Figley, C. R., Tedeschi, R. G., Galarneau, D., & Amara, S. (2023). Shared trauma, resilience, and growth: A roadmap toward transcultural conceptualization. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 15(1), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001385
Barks, L., McKinley, C. E., Ka’apu, K., & Figley, C. R. (2023). Is Self-Care a Stand-In for Feminized Social Privilege? A Systematic Review of Self-Care Facilitators and Barriers to Self-Care Practices in Social Work. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 20(6), 914–933. https://doi.org/10.1080/26408066.2023.2231446
Bell, C. N. (2023). Work-life interference and health by race/ethnicity and sex in the United States. Preventive Medicine, 173, 107554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107554
Cunningham, M., Francois, S., & Scott, K. (2023). Perceived parenting practices associated with African American adolescents’ future expectations. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 64, 217-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2022.11.002
Ferreira, R., Cannon, C. E. B., Buttell, F., & Davidson, T. (2023). Explaining disaster and pandemic preparedness at the nexus of personal resilience and social vulnerability: An exploratory study. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 17, e78. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2023.78
Fleckman, J., Taghavi, S., Theall, K.P., & Francois, S. (2023). The Importance of Addressing Violence Transgenerationally and Across Contexts. Research in Human Development, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2023.2232714
Francois, S., Blakey, J., Stevenson, R., Walker, T., & Davis, C. (2023). Navigating COVID‐19 and racial trauma as a Black student at predominantly White institutions. American Journal of Community Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12668
Francois, S., Wu, K., Doe, E., Tucker, A., & Theall, K.P. (2023). The Influence of Racial Violence, in Neighborhoods and Schools on the Psycho-Behavioral Outcomes in Adolescence. Research in Human Development, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2023.2171694
Ghio, M., Ghio, C., Campbell, A., et al. (2023). Tropical storms and hurricanes in New Orleans lead to increased rates of violent injury. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 17, e473. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2023.157
Hunter, L. D., Boer, T., & Saltzman, L. Y. (2023). The intersectionality of sex and race in the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and cardiovascular disease: A scoping review. Public Health Reviews, 44, 1605302. https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2023.1605302
McKinley, C. E. (2023). Health equity among US indigenous peoples: Understanding the intersections of historical oppression, resilience, and transcendence. In P. Liamputtong (Ed.), Handbook of social sciences and global public health (pp. 1965–1984). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25110-8_128
McKinley, C. E., Saltzman, L. Y., & Theall, K. P. (2023). Centering Historical Oppression in Prevention Research with Indigenous Peoples: Differentiating Substance Use, Mental Health, Family, and Community Outcomes. Journal of Social Service Research, 49(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2023.2178596
McKinley, C.E., Lilly, J., Liddell, J.L., Knipp H., Solomon, T.A., Comby, N., Comby, H., Haynes, P., Ferris, K., & Goldberg, M. (2023). Developing the Weaving Healthy Families Program to Promote Wellness and Prevent Substance Abuse and Violence: Approach, Adaptation, and Implementation. Families in Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/10443894221146351
McKinley, C.E., Saltzman, L.Y., & Theall, K.P. (2023). The Weaving Healthy Families program: Promoting parenting practices, family resilience, and communal mastery. Family Process. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12854
Ostertag, S. F. (2023). Connecting after chaos: Social media and the extended aftermath of disaster. New York University Press.
Owens-Young, J. L., Leider, J. P., & Bell, C. N. (2023). Public health workforce perceptions about organizational commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion: Results from PH WINS 2021. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 29(Suppl 1), S98–S106. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001633
Saltzman, L.Y., & Terzis, L. (2023). Markers in Time: Expanding Our Concept of Trauma Triggers to Include Subjective Experiences of Time Among Adults Surviving Traumatic Loss. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 00302228231160204. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228231160204
Singleton, C. R., Wright, L. A., McDonald, M., Archer, I. G., Bell, C. N., McLoughlin, G. M., Houghtaling, B., Cooksey Stowers, K., & Anderson Steeves, E. (2023). Structural racism and geographic access to food retailers in the United States: A scoping review. Health & Place, 83, 103089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.103089
Boyles, A. S., Tufts, L., Judson, J., & Monterrosa, A. E. (2022). Transforming imagination into liberation praxis: Black feminist perspectives on policing at the intersection of race, place, gender, and the white gaze. In Justice and legitimacy in policing (1st ed., pp. 20). Routledge.
Cannon, C. E. B., Ferreira, R., & Buttell, F. (2022). Disaster’s disparate impacts: Analysing perceived stress and personal resilience across gender and race. Disasters, 47, 5737. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12558
Chaparro, M. P., Cruthirds, S., Bell, C. N., & Wallace, M. E. (2022). State-level socioeconomic racial inequity and food insecurity in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 63(6), 971–978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2022.06.019
Francois, S., & Davis, C. (2022). Lifting the veil: Considering the conceptualizations of racism-based trauma among social workers. Qualitative Social Work, 21(2), 294-313. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325021997542
Francois, S., Theall, K.P., Tucker, A., Fleckman, J.M., & Drury, S. (2022). 097 Racial violence in neighborhoods and schools: the psycho-behavioral impact in adolescence. Injury Prevention, 28(Suppl 1), A34-A34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2022-SAVIR.88.
Jock, B. W., Dana-Sacco, G., Arscott, J., Bagwell-Gray, M. E., Loerzel, E., Brockie, T., Packard, G., O’Keefe, V. M., McKinley, C. E., & Campbell, J. (2022). “We’ve already endured the trauma, who is going to either end that cycle or continue to feed it?”: The influence of family and legal systems on Native American women’s intimate partner violence experiences. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(21–22), NP20602–NP20629. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211063200
McKinley, C. E., Spencer, M. S., Walters, K., & Figley, C. R. (Eds.). (2022). Indigenous health equity and wellness. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003152279
Saltzman, L.Y. & Hunter, L.D. (2022). What’s Time Got to Do With It?: A Time-Informed Approach to Longitudinal Research With Trauma Affected and Bereaved Populations. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 00302228221096245. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228221096245
Saltzman, L.Y., Canetti, D., Hobfoll, S.E., & Hall B.J. (2022). The impact of political violence on posttraumatic stress symptomology: a longitudinal analysis. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 35(2), 219-231. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2021.1950694
Thomas Tobin, C. S., Gutiérrez, Á., Bell, C. N., & Thorpe, R. J. (2022). Early life racial discrimination, racial centrality, and allostatic load among African American older adults. The Gerontologist, 62(5), 721–731. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnab185
Baker, C.N., Brown, S.M., Overstreet, S., & Wilcox, P.D. (2021). Validation of the Attitudes Related to Trauma-Informed Care Scale (ARTIC). Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(5), 505. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/tra0000989
McKinley, C. E., & Theall, K. P. (2021). Weaving Healthy Families Program: Promoting resilience while reducing violence and substance use. Research on Social Work Practice, 31(5), 476–492. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731521998441
Orapallo, A., Grant, B.J., & Baker, C.N. (2021). Examining the effectiveness of Trauma Smart® training: Staff satisfaction, knowledge, and attitudes. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(8), 891. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/tra0001075
Ostertag, S. (2021). Building trust through social media in times of crisis: Cultural persuasion, citizen news, and the cultural affordances of blogs. Global Perspectives, 2(1), 24961. https://doi.org/10.1525/gp.2021.24961
Ostertag, S. F. (2021). A cultural sociology of social media: Social drama, cultural affordances, and blogging in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. Cultural Sociology, 15(1), 113–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1749975520946609
Robey, N., Margolies, S., Sutherland, L., Rupp, C., Black, C., Hill, T., & Baker, C.N. (2021). Understanding staff-and system-level contextual factors relevant to trauma-informed care implementation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(2), 249. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/tra0000948
Vilda, D., Hardeman, R., Dyer, L., Theall, K., & Wallace, M. (2021). Structural racism, racial inequities and urban-rural differences in infant mortality in the US. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 75(8), 788–793. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214260
Vilda, D., Hardeman, R., Dyer, L., Theall, K.P., & Wallace, M. (2021). Structural racism, racial inequities and urban–rural differences in infant mortality in the US. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 75(8), 788-793. https://jech.bmj.com/content/75/8/788.abstract
Zhang, Y., Chun, M.J., Brown, T.A., Tatum, D., Guidry, C., McGrew, P., Toraih, E.A., Taghavi, S., Schroll, R.W., & Duchesne, J. (2021). When Minorities Are the Majority—A Unique Study of Implicit Bias in Trauma Surgery. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 233(5), S286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2021.07.592
Bell, C. N., & Owens-Young, J. L. (2020). Self-rated health and structural racism indicated by county-level racial inequalities in socioeconomic status: The role of urban-rural classification. Journal of Urban Health, 97(1), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-019-00389-7
Boyles, A.S. (2020), Racial-spatial politics. American Ethnologist, 47: 150-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12891
Davis, C., & Francois, S. (2020). Behind closed doors: Considering a triphasic traumatic incarceration experience. Traumatology, 26(2), 193. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/trm0000227
Fielding-Miller, R., Cooper, H. L. F., Caslin, S., & Raj, A. (2020). The interaction of race and gender as a significant driver of racial arrest disparities for African American men. Journal of Urban Health, 97(1), 112–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-00325-1
Gabriel, A. C., Bell, C. N., Bowie, J. V., Hines, A. L., LaVeist, T. A., & Thorpe, R. J., Jr. (2020). The association between perceived racial discrimination and hypertension in a low-income, racially integrated urban community. Family & Community Health, 43(2), 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1097/FCH.0000000000000254
Ostertag, S. F. (2020). News as relational social practice: A theoretical framework. International Journal of Communication, 14.
Ferreira, R.J., Adolph, V., Hall, M., & Buttell F. (2019). Predictors of individual resilience: Gender differences among African Americans. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 16:4, 347-362.
Guth, L., Puig, A., Nitza, A., Chan, C. D., Pollard, B., Singh, A. A., & Bailey, H. M. (2019). Ten strategies to intentionally use group work to transform hate, facilitate courageous conversations, and enhance community building. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 44(1), 3-24.
Ostertag, S. F. (2019). Antiracism movements and the US civil sphere. In J. C. Alexander & T. Smith (Eds.), Breaching the civil order: Radicalism and the civil sphere (pp. 70–91). Cambridge University Press.
Saltzman, L.Y. (2019). It’s about time: Reconceptualizing the role of time in loss and trauma. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(6), 663. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/tra0000435
Singh, A. A. (2019). The Racial healing handbook: Practical activities to help you challenge privilege, confront systemic racism, and engage in collective healing. San Francisco, CA: New Harbinger.
Boyles, A. (2018). The Effects of De Facto Segregation: Socioeconomic and Political Alienation, Crime and Contentious Black Citizen/Police Exchanges. Segregation by Design: Conversations and Calls for Action in St. Louis, 450-55. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-72956-5
Fleckman, J.M., Taylor, C.A., Storer, H.L., Andrinopoulos, K., Weil, L.E.G., Rubin-Miller, L., & Theall, K.P. (2018). Breaking the mold: Socio-ecologic factors to influence the development of non-harsh parenting strategies to reduce risk for child physical abuse. Children and Youth Services Review, 94, 274-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.10.019
Groos, M., Wallace, M., Hardeman, R., & Theall, K.P. (2018). Measuring inequity: a systematic review of methods used to quantify structural racism. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 11(2), 13. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/jhdrp/vol11/iss2/13/
Esteves, K., Gray, S.A.O., Theall, K.P., & Drury, S. (2017). Impact of physical abuse on internalizing behavior across generations. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 2753-2761. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10826-017-0780-y
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social media
@tulanevpi